PLANNING MALAYSIA

SHORT TERM RENTAL ACCOMMODATION (STRA) AND HOME SHARING: DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGIES TO ADDRESS LEGAL REQUIREMENT OF PLANNING PERMISSION

Nuraisyah Chua Abdullah, Ramzyzan Ramly — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

One of the debates on permissibility of short-term residential accommodation (STRA) is whether the nature of use of the building has significantly changed, with the operation of such business in the building. This led to the issue of whether planning permission is needed as this is a requirement in event of ‘material change of use’ of building. A home may be built as a one-family dwelling, but when it is converted to STRA use, it may be argued that it loses that character and contributes to unauthorized changes in neighbourhood character by intensifying the use both in terms of the number of people who typically use the property at any given time and by the negative impacts associated with frequent turnover. Basically, the main idea of planning permission is to ensure that there are no irregularities emerging from land use and development by individuals such as traffic jams, pollution, nuisance problems, loss of value or even amenities, floods or effects on the neighbourhood and ensures that the new development is suitable for occupation. This article suggests that one possible way to address the ‘change of character’ issue is by differentiating the types of short-term accommodation businesses based on the number of permitted bedrooms, guests, owner occupancy, number of bedrooms, location, and yearly maximum day-cap.

POLICY DRIVERS OF CHINA'S INTEGRATED ENERGY SERVICES: A CURRENT STATUS REVIEW

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Conventional energy production and consumption patterns seriously restrict global sustainable development. In the energy transformation process, integrated energy services play a key role in integrating clean energy and renewing energy consumption patterns. The European Union, the United States, and Japan are leading in developing policy frameworks and integrating integrated energy services. This paper compares and analyzes how the European Union, the United States, Japan, and China respond to the challenges of energy transformation through different energy policy systems. The energy policy systems of the European Union, the United States, and Japan are discussed for reference by China. The review reveals that (1) assigning tasks based on the energy transformation strength of each region is conducive to accelerating the speed of carbon emission reduction in each region; (2) continuous government support and targeted incentives are conducive to attracting market capital, thereby stimulating the advancement of energy technology; and (3) formulating energy efficiency standards for basic equipment can lay a good foundation for energy transformation.

LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS) FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND DEVELOPMENT IN JELI, KELANTAN, MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Three (3) satellite images (2004, 2014, and 2022) were processed and analysed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to obtain the land use types. The land suitability parameters were chosen based on population density and landscape factors such as slope, land use, elevation, and distance from rivers. The weights of each evaluation factor were determined using Analytical Hierarchical Analysis (AHP). Additionally, weighted overlay analysis, available in ArcGIS 10.8 software, was used to integrate all the parameters. This study found that Jeli’s build-up area increased from 1.9% in 2004 to 24.5% in 2022. The suitability map for Jeli’s land development has been reclassified into three (3) highly suitable categories (42.43%), moderately suitable (53.32%), and highly not suitable (4.25%). The area of land suitability for land use increases along with the population density. The findings of this study will help policymakers develop better strategic urban expansion policies.

STIMULATING SDGS IN RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT- THE MEDIATION EFFECT OF MOTIVATION, OPPORTUNITY AND ABILITY IN THE RELATIONSHIP OF PERCEPTION FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

Irhanida Abdul Kadir, Chew Leon Ni — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Tourism is increasingly becoming a strategic tool for rural areas worldwide to achieve sustainability and stimulate economic growth. This research explores the application of the motivation, opportunity, and ability (MOA) model in rural tourism development in Kampung Kuala Juru, a fishing village in Bukit Tengah, Seberang Prai, Penang, to promote sustainability and economic opportunities for the B40 communities. A mixed-methods approach was utilised, including the distribution of 100 questionnaires to the local community to assess the impact of the MOA model on their participation in rural tourism development. Interviews with key informants were conducted to corroborate the findings. The research revealed that motivation and opportunity do not mediate the relationship between the community’s perception of tourism development and their participation; however, ability does. This indicates that the community in Kampung Kuala Juru is more likely to participate irrespective of their motivation or opportunities. Furthermore, the results from the mixed methods suggest that tourism products and activities in Kampung Kuala Juru have the potential to enhance rural tourism development with the support of local residents and relevant tourism stakeholders, thereby contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and creating economic opportunities for the B40 community in the study area.

CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING URBAN LAND READJUSTMENT (ULR) IN MALAYSIA FROM TOWN PLANNER’S PERSPECTIVES

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Urban land readjustment (ULR) is a land management approach that aims to achieve comprehensive and sustainable urban development by reorganising land ownership patterns, improving infrastructure, and enhancing public spaces. While ULR has been successfully implemented in various countries, its adoption and implementation have been unique challenges in Malaysia. Through semi-structured interviews among planners involved explicitly in land readjustment, this paper examines the challenges of implementing ULR in Malaysia from the planners’ perspectives. Data from the interviews were analysed using content analysis techniques. Findings from the analysis revealed that the key challenges of implementing land readjustment are the source of funds, public participation, and the absence of specific laws. By understanding these challenges, policymakers and urban planners can develop strategies to overcome barriers and effectively utilise ULR as a tool for sustainable urban development in Malaysia.

LOCAL RESIDENTS’ WILLINGNESS TO DONATE FOR LOW CARBON CITY INITIATIVES IN TAIPING, PERAK: PROPOSED E-BIKE-SHARING PROJECT

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The transport sector in Malaysia ranked second in the country's total energy consumption for 2021, thereby contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous cities strive to attain low-carbon urban environments. E-bikes, as environmentally friendly vehicles, have the potential to play a significant role in urban transportation by contributing to the creation of low-carbon cities. Taiping, Perak, has been recognised as one of the world's top 3 most sustainable cities for 2019. This prestigious accolade positions it as an ideal location for an e-bike project, further solidifying its commitment to maintaining its status as a sustainable city. This study seeks to evaluate the awareness and attitudes of Taiping residents towards e-bikes, determine the factors that influence their willingness to donate, and ascertain the average amount they are willing to contribute to the e-bike-sharing development project in Taiping, Perak. A survey was conducted with 385 respondents using the Contingent Valuation Method, employing stratified random sampling. The findings indicated a notable level of awareness and favourable attitudes towards e-bikes. Factors such as bid, age, education, income, and awareness impact the willingness to donate. On average, each person contributes RM10.40 towards the proposed e-bike-sharing project in Taiping. The discovery offered valuable insights to the Taiping Municipal Council regarding securing financial support and better understanding residents' perspectives on e-bike sharing.

ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA: THE ROLE OF COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM IN FEDERAL-STATE COLLABORATION

Hilmy Sazlin Azny Abdul Aziz, Jady Zaidi Hassim, Rasyikah Md Khalid — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Sustainable housing development in Malaysia relies on collaborative governance and resource sharing. Several proposed sustainable housing initiatives have involved federal-state tensions. Cooperative federalism can bring together diverse stakeholders to address complicated environmental, social, and economic variables affecting housing construction, according to this study. The authors analyze federal and state laws and policies doctrinally. To assess the efficacy of collaborative governance and resource sharing, government officials, housing experts, policymakers, and community leaders were interviewed. Fictional international case studies inform this study. The authors find 1) federal or state government agencies lack coordination. 2) policy alignment for sustainable housing development and 3) state resource constraints. The findings show how collaborative governance and resource sharing may transform. Participants understand the importance of federal-state housing policies, which streamline sustainable housing development and prevent conflicting laws. Effective intergovernmental connections inform housing policy decisions, meeting local demands. International case studies also provide many suggestions for adapting and innovating in Malaysia. This study proposes resilient, inclusive, and sustainable housing in Malaysia. By adopting collaborative governance, harmonizing policies, pooling resources, fostering intergovernmental partnerships, and learning from global experiences, Malaysia's housing sector may inspire future generations with innovation and sustainability.

URBAN REGENERATION AND PUBLIC SPACE: LESSONS ON EARLY INTERVENTION OF COMMUNITY-BASED MICRO-PLANNING

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Documenting lessons learned from revitalization projects through community-based micro-planning is crucial in developing countries, as it lacks mainstream urban regeneration recognition. This research aimed to evaluate the early intervention of community gardening or urban farming initiatives under an urban regeneration project: the Special Area Action Plan Section 13, Petaling Jaya City, Malaysia. This single case study was investigated using the mixed-methods approach. In the quantitative approach, 200 samples were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. In the qualitative approach, eight interviews were conducted and analyzed via thematic analysis. The findings show that the respondents are sceptical about the awareness, safety infrastructure and support services, caretaker, and land ownership concerns surrounding the proposal for community gardening at the Sungai Penchala monsoon drain area. When revitalizing left-over urban public spaces, authorities are recommended to plan more awareness intervention campaigns, enhance safety infrastructure designs, provide policy support in appointing caretakers, and resolve land acquisition matters to realize and sustain the regeneration projects in the public interest. This study contributes lessons learned by auditing the early intervention urban regeneration initiatives in development plans, particularly in fourth-tier-community-based micro-planning in a developing country.

THE ROLE OF URBAN GREEN SPACE IN PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY ON PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

Nurfarhana Mohd Nor, Syazwani Sahrir — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Urban Green Spaces (UGS) contribute to sustainable development, a key goal for every country, encompassing social, economic, and environmental aspects. This study involves two objectives: to identify the elements of UGS that contribute to sustainable development and to explore the role of UGS in contributing to sustainable development. A qualitative research design was chosen to achieve these objectives using document analysis (from official reports, journals, and analyses) and semi-structured interviews. The study's findings show that UGS plays a role in contributing to sustainable development involving environmental, social, and economic dimensions, explained through data triangulation. The elements of UGS identified include buffer zones, conservation green spaces, recreational/community green spaces, amenity green spaces, greenways, building greens, agricultural land, and blue areas. Additionally, the roles of UGS in environmental aspects include air quality benefits, water quality benefits, ecological functions, and support for local nature; in social aspects, they enhance interpersonal relationships, recreational activities, human health, human well-being, educational functions, and overall quality of life; in economic aspects, they contribute to market values. UGS is a crucial component of sustainable urban planning, essential for fostering cities that are both sustainable and resilient. Its multifaceted contributions to environmental health, social interaction, and economic vitality highlight its indispensable role in creating healthier, happier, and more resilient urban environments.

DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR BACKPACKER TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN KOTA KINABALU, SABAH, MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

This study investigates the development strategies aimed at enhancing backpacker tourism in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, with a focus on social, environmental, and economic dimensions. This study uses quantitative methods through the distribution of questionnaires to study the behaviour and opinions of backpackers in Kota Kinabalu. This study focuses on respondents at backpacker accommodation and tourist destinations in Kota Kinabalu. A total of 228 backpackers participated in this study. These strategies encompass social development, environmental development, and economic development, and encompass initiatives such as community engagement, environmental conservation, and collaboration with local businesses. Achieving a balance between economic growth and social and environmental sustainability is crucial in maximizing the potential of backpacker tourism. Successful implementation of these strategies necessitates the active involvement of various stakeholders, including government agencies, local communities, and the tourism industry. Integrating these strategies into destination management plans will elevate the backpacker tourism experience and facilitate sustainable growth. Further research and collaboration among stakeholders are imperative to effectively implement these strategies and harness the opportunities presented by backpacker tourism in the region.

EXPLORING BANDUNG CITY ON FOOT: WHAT MOTIVATES TOURISTS TO JOIN WALKING TOURS?

Nurrohman Wijaya, Maulia Wijayati — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Walking is a practical and popular tourist activity, but it remains underexplored in the field of tourism. Although extensive literature has been published on topics related to walking and walkability driven by public health, sustainability, livability, and urban design concerns, tourism sector requires deeper exploration, particularly in urban settings. Walking tourism has been observed to possess the capability to promote sustainable tourism. Therefore, this study aims to examine the influence of motivation on the decision of tourists to engage in walking tour in urban tourism areas of Bandung City, Indonesia. Data from 220 tourists and interviews with resource persons were subsequently analysed using multiple linear regression to assess the impact of push and pull factors on walking tourism decisions. The results showed that tourist motivation significantly influences walking tourism decisions. The motivating factors include physical health, pleasure and satisfaction, knowledge gained, and local community behaviour. Physical health and relaxation were considered crucial push factors, while tourists’ attractions and social media promotions were categorized as significant pull factors. This study provides valuable input for local governments and tourism agencies seeking to develop sustainable urban tourism destinations.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURIST EXPERIENCE, PLACE ATTACHMENT, AND POST-VISIT INTENTIONS: AN APPLICATION OF S-O-R PARADIGM IN THE CONTEXT OF HANGZHOU, CHINA

Bai Fan, Mohd Ismail Isa, Badaruddin Mohamed — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

A key challenge facing destination practitioners and policymakers is to sustain a competitive advantage and to ensure its destination’s success and prosperity under the impact of globalisation. Evidence suggests that the tourist experience can enhance tourists’ attachment and post-visit intention, which is an essential concept in travel and tourism study, as well as destination positioning. Still, there are limitations in the research concerning the relationship between these three factors. This study investigates the mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between tourist experience and post-visit intention using Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) paradigm. The data were gathered from 213 respondents among the West Lake Heritage Site users in Hangzhou, China, using the self-administered questionnaires. According to statistical findings, tourist experience influences post-visit intention both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of place attachment. Drawing from these findings, practical information on design, marketing, and experiences for tourism destinations is offered.

EFFECTS OF TOURIST MOTIVATION ON TOURISM PLANNING: A CASE STUDY OF DOMESTIC TOURISTS IN VIETNAM

Ho Nhu Ngoc, Shida Irwana Omar, Nguyen Ngoc Chau Ngan — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Tourist motivations is a fundamental aspect of tourism planning as it enhances marketing efforts, product development, competitive positioning, and facilitates informed policymaking. As such, the present study provides accurate data with which to develop tourism planning in Vietnam based on the push motivation and pull motivation factors of Vietnamese domestic tourists. A quantitative method, namely, a questionnaire that was designed based on a self-desk study, expert opinions, and tour guide opinions, was used to collect data. Out of 670 questionnaire returned, 664 were ultimately usable for analysis. Descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and regression binary logistic models were then used to analyse the collected data. Seven important push motivation factors, namely, fulfilling prestige, fun and entertainment, escape, family and friends' togetherness, fulfilling spiritual needs, social relationships, and gaining knowledge were identified as important to Vietnamese domestic tourists. Meanwhile, the four important pull motivations for Vietnamese domestic tourists were events and activities; destination's facility, service, and trip sponsor; historical and cultural attractions; and natural resources. The findings can be used to develop tourism planning for domestic tourism in Vietnam. Destinations may use the insights on tourist motivations to attracts tourists and provide them with fulfilling experiences, which would, ultimately, contribute to the overall success and sustainability of Vietnam's tourism industry. Besides, the findings contribute to extant literature on the tourist motivations and tourist behaviours of Vietnamese domestic tourists. Lastly, the case study of Vietnam may serve as confirmation of the value of tourist motivations in tourism planning.

EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PLACE ATTACHMENT AND YOUTH’S INVOLVEMENT IN RICE FIELD ACTIVITIES

Puteri Yuliana Samsudin, Wan Nur Rukiah Mohd Arshard — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Youth’s experience, knowledge and values in relation to rice field activities play an important role in motivating the youth to get involved in these activities. However, there is a lack of research that focuses on the relationship between place attachment and activity involvement. The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between place attachment and rural youth’s involvement in rice field activities. Three homestays in Kedah were selected as case studies and quantitative (302 questionnaires) approaches were applied to achieve the objective. The questionnaire survey was conducted among youth aged 20 - 34 years old. Major findings in this study include a positive relationship between place attachment and youth activity involvement. Youth who have knowledge, experience, and values in relation to rice field activities are inclined to be involved in homestay activities. The findings of this study contribute to the theories regarding youth activity involvement and place attachment. It is suggested that practitioners in built environment, tourism planning and landscape planning as well as parents should help to encourage the youth to get involved in rice field activities in homestay programmes and in their daily lives.

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEIVED BENEFITS OF A NONPROFIT FESTIVAL IN BINH DUONG PROVINCE, VIETNAM

Nguyen Phuong Hong Phuc, Suraiyati Rahman — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Festival stakeholders have different power levels in relation to an event, and this depends on their investment or importance to the event’s success. Governments or associations commonly organise non-profit festivals to celebrate a particular event or achieve a specific goal with less profit-making priority. As a long-established festival in Asia, the Tianhou Festival in Vietnam benefits the tourism sector and the local community. This festival is bound to the religious beliefs of local people originating from Hong Kong, Taiwan and mainland China, who immigrated to Vietnam and are now living in Binh Duong Province (BDP), Vietnam. Over the years, the festival’s success has intensified the socioeconomic development of Binh Duong Province. Undeniably, the festival quality can be enhanced with substantial and solicitous collaboration amongst stakeholders. Despite the contributions of such events, thus far, only a few studies have focused on the perceived benefits of non-profit-oriented events. To address this gap, the current study used the qualitative method by using semi structured interviews with key stakeholders to collect data, which were then transcribed by thematic analysis. The findings reveal that organising non-profit festivals may enhance interpersonal skills as well as bring about economic benefits, social incentives, and community cohesiveness. This research envisions the impacts of the Tianhou Festival on the stakeholders of this non-profit-oriented event. The findings of the study can provide guidelines to other key stakeholders in improving the same concept of event management in the future.

FLOOD VULNERABILITY IN JAKARTA COASTAL SETTLEMENT: A STUDY AT KALIBARU SUBDISTRICT, NORTH JAKARTA, INDONESIA

Calista Mutia Gunandar, Hayati Sari Hasibuan, Rudy Parhalutan Tambunan — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The efforts to alleviate slum settlement in the coastal areas of Jakarta are required to consider the sustainability of flood disaster protection measures. This is essential for reducing vulnerability issues, particularly in Kalibaru Subdistrict with the highest flood risk. The vulnerability issues refer to aspects of community exposure level, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity as main indicators of coastal areas due to climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the vulnerability of slum settlement in coastal area of Kalibaru Subdistrict, North Jakarta. A quantitative method was used to measure vulnerability level of settlements to flood using statistical and scoring analysis. The results showed that vulnerability level of settlement to floods was within the moderate category. The adaptive capacity serving as a significant element, was influenced by collective actions, cooperation, and mutual assistance in addressing disaster threats. This showed the need to optimize both physical and non-physical aspects of slum settlement eradication interventions.

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND DESIGN: EXPLORING URBAN RESILIENCE THROUGH E-HAILING

Deila Deilaila Mohamad Fuazee, Aldrin Abdullah, Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Sustainable cities strive for balance in environmental health, economic vitality and social equity through efficient and resilient urban planning. Crucial to this balance, sustainable transportation systems reduce carbon emissions, ease traffic congestion and promote clean energy. Among various sustainable transportation options, e-hailing has gained global popularity, offering convenient rides through smartphone apps. This quantitative research focuses on exploring the usage patterns of e-hailing services among university students at the main campus of Universiti Sains Malaysia. A total of 392 university students were surveyed using stratified random sampling, and SPSS analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation between attitudes towards e-hailing and satisfaction with safety, price, convenience and availability. Furthermore, regression analysis confirmed significant relationships between attitude and satisfaction levels. By investigating how travel behaviour patterns and attitudes towards e-hailing influence student satisfaction, the study aims to understand e-hailing’s role as an alternative mode of transportation in enhancing overall transportation service satisfaction. These insights offer valuable guidance for transport planners, e-hailing companies and university administrations seeking to improve transportation options and student satisfaction.

EVALUATION OF CARBONATED PRODUCT FROM MINERAL CARBONATION OF MINING WASTE FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION

Umi Rukiah Abdullah, Faradiella Mohd Kusin, Wan Azlina Wan Ab Karim Ghani — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Mining operations generate significant quantities of waste containing alkaline earth silicates, which are valuable for carbon sequestration. Hence, the goal of this study is to assess the possibility of using mining waste to store carbon through a process of mineral carbonation. The study tested mineral carbonation under low reactivity conditions, including ambient pressure and low temperature, to evaluate the effect of pH levels on process efficiency. The samples were discovered to have an alkaline pH, suggesting that they were suitable for mineral carbonation reactions from the beginning. The carbonation process of the mineral was conducted at different pH levels of 8, 10, and 12. The findings showed that the carbonation efficiency was approximately 3%, with the highest level observed at pH 12. Through thermogravimetric analysis, it was observed that there was a multi stage transformation of minerals, which indicated the formation of carbonates containing iron and magnesium. The process captured approximately 33 and 39 g of CO₂/kg. The process indicates that mine waste can be used as a source material for mineral carbonation, as demonstrated by the formation of iron and calcium carbonate products. This research demonstrates that mine waste has the potential for long-term carbon storage, offering a beneficial method for waste management and carbon capture strategies.

ENHANCED GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS FOR OPTIMAL FLOOD SHELTER SITE SELECTION: A CASE STUDY OF KUANTAN, MALAYSIA

Nurul Ashikin Mabahwi, Hitoshi Nakamura — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Floods significantly impact lives, infrastructure, and economies, especially in disaster-prone regions such as Kuantan, Malaysia. This study aims to develop a suitability map for flood shelters in Kuantan, Pahang, by employing the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Weighted Overlay Analysis (WOA) within ArcGIS software. Geospatial criteria such as elevation, slope, proximity to disaster-prone areas, landslides, floods, and land use were used as parameters. The results indicated that 21% of flood shelters were in unsuitable locations, 32% were in moderately suitable areas, 39% were in very suitable areas, and 8% were in extremely suitable sites. This study highlighted the critical role of geospatial criteria in selecting flood shelter sites and advocated for continuous reassessment to optimise their effectiveness and safety. The research provides valuable insights for urban planning and disaster risk reduction, emphasising the necessity for strategic, data-driven decision-making to enhance urban resilience against floods.

ASSESSMENT OF WASTE GENERATION, COMPOSITION AND REVENUE LOSS ESTIMATION DUE TO FLOATABLE RIVERINE LITTER AT LOG BOOM SUNGAI PINANG, KLANG, MALAYSIA

Noor Azwani Azmar, Latifah Abd Manaf — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The presence of floatable riverine litter poses a significant environmental challenge, impacting both aquatic ecosystems and local economies. The purpose of this study is to quantify waste generation and composition based on two different seasons and estimate revenue loss from floatable litter at the log boom in Sungai Pinang. Using systematic waste sampling and analysis techniques, we categorised and measured the types and volumes of waste collected over a specified period. The data revealed substantial quantities of plastic, organic matter, and miscellaneous debris. To estimate the economic impact, we employed a revenue loss model that considers cleanup costs, damage to local fisheries, and the tourism sector. Our findings indicate that the accumulation of floatable riverine litter results in considerable economic losses annually. The study highlights the urgent need for effective waste management strategies and policies to mitigate the negative impacts of riverine litter on both the environment and the local economy.

THE ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (GEOAI) IN SMART BUILT ENVIRONMENT MAPPING: AUTOMATIC OBJECT DETECTION OF RASTER TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS IN MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Smart built environment mapping is integrating Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) to enable advanced analysis, pattern recognition, and decision-making processes. This shift in understanding, planning, designing, and managing the built environment is paving the way for a smarter, more sustainable future. This commentary explores the current role of AI in enhancing technology use within the geospatial field, focusing specifically on the application of GeoAI in mapping the built environment. Additionally, the paper presents a selection of case studies related to the implementation of AI in developing automatic vectorization, particularly for geospatial mapping in built environments. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models for sorting objects in scanned, old topographic maps of the built environment. The findings of this study are valuable for making informed decisions, devising effective strategies, and identifying opportunities for further research and exploration within the dynamic field of GeoAI in smart built environment mapping and applications.

POLICY ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SMART MOBILITY IN THE SOUTH TANGERANG CITY, INDONESIA BASED ON PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION USING THE PROMETHEE METHOD

Syafieq Fahlevi Almassawa, Ernan Rustiadi, Akhmad Fauzi, Ridwan Sutriadi — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The increase in population density and mobility in certain urban areas has underscored the need for a smart mobility concept. As a component of the broader smart city framework, smart mobility aims to enhance transportation services, making them more accessible, safe, comfortable, efficient, and affordable for the public. This research assesses the readiness for implementing public transportation-based smart mobility in South Tangerang and develops a policy strategy model for its transportation planning and development. The study employed a mixed-method approach, incorporating multivariate analysis and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. The findings reveal that South Tangerang is currently unprepared to implement smart mobility, as indicated by low scores on its assessment indicators. Recommended policies include improving the availability, security, and comfort of public transportation, reorganizing transit routes, providing real-time information access, adjusting schedules, and promoting bicycle use by adding bicycle lanes. This research highlights the current state of transportation systems in developing countries and emphasizes the importance of implementing policies that benefit a wide segment of the population.

DEVELOPING URBAN WALKABILITY MEASURES GROUNDED IN GREEN URBANISM PRINCIPLES USING THE DELPHI SURVEY STUDY

Zulkefle Ayob, Atikah Raihanah Amir — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

This paper investigates the correlation between Green Urbanism Principles (GUP) and urban walkability. It begins with a Literature Investigation to identify green urbanism components and principles by utilising the Green Urbanism concept by Beatley and Lehmann's Principles of Green Urbanism as a framework. Three-stage Delphi Surveys were conducted to conclude the associated GUP, parameters, potential indicators, and themes of Green Urbanism Quality with urban walkability. The study addresses a literature gap, which is found by linking green urbanism principles to walkability indices and fills it effectively. The outcome is the validated Green Urbanism Walkability Index (GUWI). Moreover, the research emphasises the need for a quality urban environment that stimulates walking in Malaysia. Four main themes of Green Urbanism Quality, namely Nature, Urbanism, Liveability, and Culture and Identity, significantly promote urban walkability. A walkable city triggers positive effects, including lively street-level activities, increased security, and economic stability. Landscapes, greeneries, and well-integrated pedestrian networks further enhance walkability. The results emphasise the crucial link between green urbanism principles and the walkability index, allowing for better identification and measurement of walkability. Implementing the system requires enhancing technical and cultural aspects through training, education, and regulation. This research contributes significantly to the body of walkability studies, particularly in the Malaysian context.

ASSESSING FEDERAL ROAD SAFETY CORPS (FRSC) IMPACT ON EASING TRAFFIC CONGESTION ALONG THE ILESA-BENIN HIGHWAY AT AKURE, ONDO STATE, NIGERIA: EDUCATION, ENFORCEMENT, AND PATROL EFFICIENCY

Omotayo Fatai Ogunyemi, Diana Mohamad, Nurwati Badarulzaman, Abdul Ghapar Othman — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

This study evaluates the efficacy of the Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) in mitigating traffic congestion along the Ilesa-Benin Highway in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. It scrutinizes the efficiency of FRSC's education, patrol, and enforcement strategies to discern their impact on traffic congestion levels. The data were collected from primary sources via questionnaires and activity-based trip surveys, supplemented by secondary sources including satellite imagery and literature. The results revealed high internal consistency in the respondents' perceptions and no evidence of multicollinearity in the dataset. It also indicates the significant contributions of education and enforcement in reducing traffic congestion, contrary to the limited effectiveness of patrols. Among the recommendations include prioritizing improvements in education and enforcement efforts through enhanced training programs and community collaborations as well as re-evaluating and potentially restructuring patrol activities. These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders in devising strategies to alleviate traffic congestion and enhance road safety on critical highway routes like the Ilesa-Benin Highway.

INTEGRATING LAND USE ANALYSIS WITH WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION: A CASE STUDY OF PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The challenges posed by population growth, urbanization, and changing land use patterns on sustainable water resource management are significant. This paper puts forth an integrated framework aimed at assessing future water demand in Putrajaya, Malaysia. The proposed framework combines population projections, estimations of water demand, and analyses of land use activities. Through an examination of demographic trends and land use patterns, the framework predicts population growth and identifies areas with high water demand. Daily water use patterns in homes and businesses (temporal analysis) inform the designing future water infrastructure, incorporating temporal aspects. Statistical and spatial analysis techniques are then utilized to merge these projections with water demand estimations to quantify water requirements in various zones and types of land use. This study has unveiled two daily peaks in water demand, which align with household schedules. Residential areas emerge as the primary consumers of water, displaying an evening peak distinct from the midday peak seen in businesses. The current water demand in Putrajaya is estimated at 94 million litres per day, with domestic usage surpassing non-domestic usage in a ratio of 3:2. Projections based on future land use plans foresee a 19% increase in demand, underscoring the urgency for proactive water management strategies. Spatial analysis has highlighted residential areas as the main users of water, with demand levels varying throughout the city. By comprehending these temporal and spatial patterns, water authorities can strategically target interventions, optimize infrastructure siting, and forecast future demand trends. These proactive measures are essential for securing a sustainable water future for Putrajaya.

APPLICATION OF JOINT TENANCY ON REAL PROPERTY AND ITS IMPACT UNDER THE LAW OF SUCCESSION IN MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Joint ownership refers to property owned by two or more persons. Two significant forms of joint ownership in real estate exist joint tenancy and tenancy-in-common. Under common law, joint tenancy is applied as a mechanism for administering an estate, which takes effect after the joint owner's or joint tenant's death. The National Land Code (Act 828) recognises only tenancy-in-common tenancy rather than joint tenancy. Hence, this study proposes a regulatory framework and a suitable mechanism for the land conveyance process in the application of joint tenancy. This study is based on qualitative research and analysis of primary and secondary materials. For a comparative analysis, the study explores the law and practice of joint tenancy in Singapore and Australia for the dual legal and Torren systems. It is predicted that the joint tenancy application would give the proprietor more options in planning the management of his property and rightly give the surviving joint tenant full enjoyment of the property.

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABILITY AND HIGHEST BEST USE (SHBU) APPROACH FOR FELDA LAND DEVELOPMENT

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Sustainability and Highest Best Use (SHBU) approach is believed to be useful in assisting the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) to develop its land towards improving settlers’ prosperity and livelihood. This research aims to demonstrate a proposed strategy for implementing the SHBU using a mixed methods approach which integrates interviews and Geographical Information System-based Multiple-criteria Decision Analysis (GIS-based MCDA). The interview component seeks to obtain feedback and development aspirations from respondents in FELDA Gunung Besout 03, while GIS technology generates and displays the findings in spatial forms to empower decision-making. Data were analysed using content analysis and spatial analysis accordingly. The findings from interview shows that generally, the SHBU approach is suitable for land development. Besides, GIS-based MCDA reveals four types of future land development spanning about 796 hectares encompassing cropland, residential areas, and small business centres. The findings become the basis for crafting the implementation strategies aimed at developing FELDA land within the study area.

EXPLORING ISSUES AND ENHANCING SUSTAINABILITY: AFFORDABLE HOUSING DYNAMICS IN MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

This study delves into the issues of affordable housing and elements influencing the sustainability of affordable housing, with a specific focus on the Malaysian context. The primary objective is to identify the issues associated with affordable housing in Malaysia, as well as to determine the elements crucial for enhancing sustainability in the housing sector. A quantitative method using a questionnaire survey was conducted involving three groups of respondents: building designers, facility managers, and GBI facilitators. The research employed the Kruskal Wallis statistical analysis method and Importance Index Calculation as the key methodologies. Two significant findings emerged from the study. Firstly, the issues related to ‘location and accessibility’ and ‘financing challenges’ were identified as critically important, shedding light on the obstacles faced in these domains. Secondly, the elements of ‘adaptability and upgradability’ and ‘location and accessibility’ were highlighted as pivotal contributors to the sustainability of affordable housing in Malaysia. These findings provided valuable insights for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders in addressing key issues and promoting sustainable practices in the realm of affordable housing.

RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON MANAGEMENT BODIES’ SERVICE DELIVERABLES: THE CASE OF AFFORDABLE STRATA HOUSING IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The rapid urbanization in Malaysia has led to a significant increase in low-cost and low-medium-cost strata housing. However, managing these schemes presents unique challenges due to residents' financial constraints. Challenges often happen in this housing scheme, resulting in poor maintenance, overcrowding, and inadequate amenities, affecting residents' overall quality of life. The study aims to understand the challenges residents and management bodies face in these strata schemes and develop strategies for improving their management. This study helps identify primary issues and problems encountered by residents, assess their perceptions of their management body performance, and propose practical strategies for improving strata management practices. A mixed-mode methodology is employed utilizing primary data collected through questionnaire surveys of strata residents and analysed using SPSS. The findings highlight the differences between active and non-active management bodies in managing strata properties. This study highlights residents' perceptions that shed light on the difficulties in managing and maintaining affordable housing strata schemes, offering important information for formulating strategies to improve strata management practices in Malaysia.

CHALLENGES IN THE OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ASSETS AND FACILITIES IN ELDERLY CARE CENTRES IN MALAYSIA

Nor Syahila Mohd Tombel, Nur Affah Mohyin, Mohd Fairullazi Ayob — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Abreast with the rapid growth of older people every year, the number of elderly care centres has increased tremendously to cater to the demands of older people to spend their time after retirement in Malaysia. Effective operation and maintenance activities in an elderly care centre can optimise the service life of assets that indirectly lead to well-maintained facilities and provide the occupants with a safe, comfortable, and efficient living environment. Throughout the asset life cycle, operation and maintenance are the most extended phases, with various core activities that determine the financial health of an organisation. Nevertheless, this area remains relatively underexplored in the existing literature, particularly concerning the challenges posed by Malaysia's ageing population by 2030. Accordingly, this study seeks to investigate the issues of operation and maintenance of assets and facilities in elderly care centres. The method used to collect the data is through site observations and interviews in three elderly care centres, one in Perak and two in Selangor. These findings reveal three significant challenges the operators face: safety inside the accommodation, high operation and maintenance costs, and lack of a structured approach to managing the assets and facilities. Finally, the paper ends with implications of the findings that provide directions for future research.

WALKING FOR HEALTH & WELLBEING: THE EFFECT OF STEP FREQUENCY

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Walking as a mode of transport and recreation to get more active and stay fit. People of all ages can benefit from walking, evaluation of earlier research in this field shows that a study of walking specifically among those with different health challenges in Malaysia is lacking. This paper sets out to identified whether individual, environmental and social factors influence walking in neighbourhood, which is the objectives: to examine whether people in a neighbourhood walk during the week, to identify whether people who have health problems walk more or not at all, and to examine the relationship between people’s frequency of walk and their physical wellbeing. Data from 410 adults of between 18 and 60 years of age are analysed using a multiple linear regression analysis technique. Overall, the findings reveal that the respondents regularly walk despite their health status as none of them (0.00%) have assessed their health as being poor to begin with. Nevertheless, there is a significant correlation between self-reported health states and walking (X=22.519, p0.05), and their frequency of walk (X= 22.673, p0.05). The results indicate that 19.40% of the respondents walk regularly on a weekday compared to 21.20% on the weekend only, and 18.20% during both weekday and weekend. This study suggests that the neighbourhood must be safe, and the built environment is conducive and appropriate for proper walking. These factors are pertinent considerations for both housing developers and state policies to implement to initiate and promote more walking for physical wellbeing, recreation as well as for transportation purposes.

THE ELEMENTS OF THE COMPACT CITY ON SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PETALING JAYA, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Syima Zayanah Nor’Azmi, Syazwani Sahrir — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Urbanization is an ongoing global phenomenon that demands innovative approaches to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability. This study investigates the elements contributing to the development of a compact city and their impact on sustainable urban development in the context of Petaling Jaya, Selangor. The study aims to identify the elements of compact cities that contribute to sustainable urban development in Petaling Jaya and explore the elements that contribute to sustainable urban development in Petaling Jaya. The research employs a qualitative approach, combining interviews with experts and document analysis of compact cities. Through thematic analysis, the study identifies the core elements of compact cities in Petaling Jaya, exploring their influence on sustainability. Preliminary findings reveal that the compact city is shaped by population density, mixed land use, and transportation infrastructure. Stakeholder perspectives shed light on these compact city elements' perceived benefits and challenges. Additionally, the document analysis examines the elements of the compact city that may influence sustainable urban development. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing a nuanced understanding of the elements contributing to the compact city characteristics and their role in fostering sustainable urban development.

ANALYSIS OF THE CROWD MANAGEMENT AND PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT DURING HAJJ PILGRIMAGE ON MAKKAH

Sadeq Kadi, Alias Abdullah, Syahriah Bachok, Ziad Baydoun, Abdelaziz Berghout — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The Hajj pilgrimage, the world's largest annual mass gathering, poses significant challenges in crowd management and pedestrian movement due to the sheer number of participants and logistical complexities. This study emphasizes the need for effective strategies to ensure the safety of millions of pilgrims in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. By reviewing literature and analysing pedestrian movement systems, it identifies key bottlenecks and safety risks, especially during high-density periods like Nafra day. Field observations from 2019 to 2024, including the post-COVID-19 era, offer insights into crowd behaviour and the effectiveness of management strategies. The study highlights the importance of integrating advanced simulation tools with urban design to optimize pedestrian pathways and prevent overcrowding, contributing to Saudi Vision 2030's goals of enhancing the pilgrimage experience and ensuring participant safety.

INSPIRE AND IGNITE: ENABLING FACTORS FOR EARLY TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SABAH, MALAYSIA

Marcela Pimid, Azizan Marzuki, Stephen Sampil — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Community-based tourism (CBT) is renowned worldwide as a sustainable economic development and a means of improving rural communities' welfare and standard of living. Successful CBT greatly depends on local communities’ readiness and active participation in ensuring equal distribution of CBT benefits. This study investigates the readiness of rural communities to engage in CBT under the management of Moyog Agrotourism and Tourism Park (MANTAP), a locally empowered organisation. The theoretical concept is framed by social exchange theory and the tourism development model is adjusted to match the local context. The study employs a cross-sectional approach, examining native perspectives on the early stages of CBT development in upper Moyog areas. Using the qualitative method, the findings reveal substantial local support for the CBT development. The study underscores the importance of demonstrating tourism benefits early on, as well as strong leadership and project legitimacy, which foster credibility and access to tourism resources. Native people who can picture themselves gaining benefits and be part of the tourism planning show more apparent support for tourism development in rural Penampang areas.

NON-TIMBER FOREST AS AN ALTERNATIVE ECONOMIC SURVIVAL FOR INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA: A CASE STUDY OF RATTAN

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Rattan holds significant prominence as a non-timber forest product, primarily distributed and extensively traded within the Southeast Asian region. This research aims to examine the role of rattan as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and to explore the significant economic value of rattan, in providing economic sustenance for the Orang Asli communities. The study is a case study with a mix method approach where 95 Orang Asli respondents from Kampung Sungai Berua, Hulu Terengganu, Malaysia participated. The collected data was analyzed by economic value analysis. The study found that the economic value of rattan is RM34224 per year where the highest monthly income earned by the Orang Asli is RM600 and the lowest is RM70 for each type of rattans. The Orang Asli community rely on rattan for a variety of purposes, which include selling them as raw materials, or personal use for craftsmanship, cultural practices, and the production of tools and equipment. As such, this study emphasizes the necessity of striking a balance between economic, ecological, and cultural considerations in harnessing the potential of rattan and other NTFPs to support the livelihoods and cultural heritage of Orang Asli communities.

COVID-19’S IMPACT ON FOOD STALL WORKERS: NIGHT MARKETS’ RESILIENCE IN PENANG, MALAYSIA

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

The COVID-19 pandemic has left an enduring mark on Southeast Asia, with lasting repercussions on financial markets, employment, and gender equality in the workplace. Various activities were halted in order to curb the virus’s spread, which dealt a severe blow to Malaysia’s thriving economy. The informal sector, a cornerstone of the Asia-Pacific service industry, felt these effects acutely, as it heavily relies on informal workers. Given that more than three quarters of Malaysia’s service sector comprises informal workers, the country’s economic recovery is now significantly reliant on this workforce. Considering the contribution of the informal sector to Malaysia’s food market, this study aims to explore the impact of social shocks and economic crises on the resilience of informal workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a multistage probability sampling method, the study employed a questionnaire survey involving Penang’s food stalls in night markets. Findings reveal significant variations in workers’ lifestyles, attitudes, and family dynamics. Gender-related factors also exert a substantial influence on their behavior, attitudes, and engagement levels. While many studies have examined night markets as tourism spots in terms of how to increase sales or attract visitors, this study is among the first to focus on the vendors themselves, exploring the impact of COVID-19 on food stalls as an unseen vulnerable community.

IMPROVING ROAD SAFETY AT ACCIDENT-PRONE AREAS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN GLOW-IN-THE-DARK AND CONVENTIONAL ROAD MARKING

Hadi Farhan Semadi, Mohd Fairullazi Ayob — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Driving at night is challenging due to poor vision, poor road visual guidance, and the need to encounter bright light sources. Factors like lack of street lighting, fading, and lack of reflectivity by road studs and retro-reflective materials affect road users' vision at night. Commentators have pointed out there is a critical demand to improve road safety in preventing road accidents and hazards that caused by the poor visibility of road markings and inadequacy lighting. Although road safety management has been given an important focus by the Ministry of Transportation Malaysia to achieve 50% reduction of road accidents by 2030, there is a critical demand to improve the present road markings method to overcome the issues of poor visibility or unclear road markings and inadequacy lighting that may trigger potential hazards to road users at night, with a new innovative road marking technology. Therefore, this paper is prepared with the objective to present the outcome of comparative study between the present conventional road markings and the newly innovative technology of glow-in-the-dark method with specific reference to the road safety management in Malaysia. This study employed a questionnaire survey to interview fifty-one (51) respondents that have experience of driving at night, with the objectives to get their opinions on present condition of road markings in Malaysia, and how the newly innovative technology glow-in-the-dark can improve road safety in Malaysia. The study outcome revealed that the glow-in-the-dark is deemed appropriate to enhance the visibility during low-light conditions as compared to the present conventional road markings. Although the initial cost is higher, the economic advantages of glow-in-the-dark in reducing the streetlight usage, lower electrical costs, and substantially extended lifespan have made this newly innovative road marking outweighed the downsides and economically wise choice to revolutionize road safety management practice at the accident-prone areas in Malaysia for achieving the SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being.

VISUAL TREE ASSESSMENT AND ESTIMATION OF TREE CARBON SEQUESTRATION FOR OUTDOOR STUDENT CENTRE

Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Environmental assessment is crucial for every project development, especially when the space is surrounded by many mature trees. Failing to understand the existing character and conditions of the site can result in design failures that may lead to the loss of ecosystem benefits. Many developments are constructed without consulting experts, leading to unstructured development. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the potential of a proposed outdoor space towards a better teaching and learning environment. This study analyses Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) and estimates the carbon sequestration of trees using qualitative and quantitative data. The objectives are to create a topographic layout map by assessing site conditions, examining tree species and their condition through limited VTA, and estimating the net carbon sequestration of the on-site trees. 59 trees were analysed, and a map was developed for overlay purposes. A composite map illustrates the correlation of comfort, movement, aesthetics, and social relations criteria for the Outdoor Student Centres. In conclusion, 82% of Pongamia pinnata trees are deemed unsuitable for the site and may be considered for removal for OSC development. The site's net tree carbon sequestration is estimated to sequester a minimum of 611 kg of carbon. Effective site planning is a crucial factor in this process to ensure optimal outcomes.

THE APPLICATION OF CHOICE MODELLING FOR A SANITARY LANDFILL IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN, MALAYSIA

Nik Nor Rahimah Nik Ab Rahim, Jamal Othman, Mohd Rusli Yacob — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Environmental impacts from poor landfilling practices have long been a concern in Kota Bharu, a densely populated city in Peninsular Malaysia. Addressing this issue requires a sustainable disposal solution, such as a sanitary landfill. However, such a project can fail without understanding household demand. This study examined households' willingness to pay for a sanitary landfill using a survey-based method known as Choice Modelling. This method was employed to determine households' willingness to pay for the environmental benefits of a sanitary landfill, characterized by attributes like controlled leachate discharge, reduced bad odour, reduced disease vectors, and pleasing views. The results indicated a positive willingness to pay for each attribute, ranging from RM2.37 to RM12.08 per month. This information aids policymakers in making decisions that align with household demands, thereby minimizing opposition and enhancing project feasibility.

THE IMPACT OF NATIONALITY ON THE PERCEPTION OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND ITS SUCCESS AMONG CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGERS IN SAUDI ARABIA

Mohammed Alabbad, Roziha Che Haron — Tue, 01 Oct 2024 00:00:00 -0600

Cultural differences in project teams within the construction industry are a recognized phenomenon in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This study investigates the crucial role culture plays and how cultural differences among project managers influence their perceptions of two key aspects: project management practices and project success in the context of the Saudi construction industry. A custom questionnaire was used to gather the perceptions of 150 Saudi and non-Saudi project managers from Riyadh city. The statistical tests applied include frequencies, percentages, descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, and univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings reveal that the nationality of the managers significantly impacts their perceptions of cultural differences, which in turn influences the two aforementioned aspects.