URBAN LOW-COST HOUSING EFFECT MENTAL HEALTH
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v19i18.1049Keywords:
urban environment, density, mental, healthAbstract
As the number of people moving to urban areas increases by the year, it also increases the prevalence of mental health problems worldwide. Low-income groups in urban areas have had to choose to live in low-cost housing due to the higher cost of living. This study aims to understand the effect of living in lowcost housing. The objectives are to study and analyse mental health conditions for the low-income group living in low-cost housing in an urban area. This study was conducted at the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The questionnaire used is an adaptation of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the sample selection used homogenous sampling. The site selection is based on the housing scheme's characteristics: location, density, property age, and surrounding land use. The data collected were analysed using correlation analysis to determine the relationship between urban low-cost housing living and mental health. The results have shown that 57.8 per cent of the respondents have depression, 65.7 per cent have anxiety, and 55.9 per cent have stress with various severity. The findings show that low-cost housing associated with poorer mental health is caused by several factors.
Downloads
References
Amone-P’Olak, K., Ormel, J., Huisman, M., Verhulst, F. C., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Burger, H. (2009). Life Stressors as Mediators of the Relation Between Socioeconomic Position and Mental Health Problems in Early Adolescence: The TRAILS Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(10), 1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b39595 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b39595
An, J., Wang, S., Cheng, M., Li, T., Sheng, L., Bian, S., … An, J. (2020). Mental health of urban residents in the developed cities of the Yangtze River Delta in China: Measurement with the mental composite scale from the WHOQOL-BREF. Current Psychology, 39(3), 810–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0142-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-0142-6
Barros, P., Ng Fat, L., Garcia, L. M. T., Slovic, A. D., Thomopoulos, N., de Sá, T. H., … Mindell, J. S. (2019). Social consequences and mental health outcomes of living in high-rise residential buildings and the influence of planning, urban design and architectural decisions: A systematic review. Cities, 93(May 2018), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.015
Beemer, C. J., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., Schuldt, S. J., Kinney, K. A., Lowry, C. A., Postolache, T. T., … Hoisington, A. J. (2019). A brief review on the mental health for select elements of the built environment. Indoor and Built Environment, 0(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19889653 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19889653
Boadi, K., Kuitunen, M., Raheem, K., & Hanninen, K. (2005). Urbanisation without development: Environmental and health implications in African cities. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7(4), 465–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-004-5410-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-004-5410-3
Boyko, C. T., & Cooper, R. (2014). Density and Mental Wellbeing. Wellbeing, II, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell058
Byers, K. A., Cox, S. M., Lam, R., & Himsworth, C. G. (2019). “they’re always there”: Resident experiences of living with rats in a disadvantaged urban neighbourhood. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7202-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7202-6
Cable, N., & Sacker, A. (2019). Validating overcrowding measures using the UK Household Longitudinal Study. SSM - Population Health, 8(June), 100439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100439 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100439
Evans, G. W. (2003). The Built Environment and Mental Health. Journal of Urban Health, 80(4), 536–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jurban/jtg063
Feng, X., & Astell-Burt, T. (2018). Residential green space quantity and quality and symptoms of psychological distress: A 15-year longitudinal study of 3897 women in postpartum. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1926-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1926-1
Ferguson, K. T., & Evans, G. W. (2019). The built environment and mental health. Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 80(December 2017), 465–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11009-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.11009-7
Firdaus, G. (2017). Built Environment and Health Outcomes: Identification of Contextual Risk Factors for Mental Well-being of Older Adults. Ageing International, 42(1), 62–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-016-9276-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-016-9276-0
Garrido-Cumbrera, M., Gálvez Ruiz, D., Braçe, O., & López Lara, E. (2018). Exploring the association between urban sprawl and mental health. Journal of Transport and Health, 10(June), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.06.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.06.006
Greif, M. J., & Nii-Amoo Dodoo, F. (2015). How community physical, structural, and social stressors relate to mental health in the urban slums of Accra, Ghana. Health and Place, 33, 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.02.002
Ha Kim, D., & Yoo, S. (2019). How does the built environment in compact metropolitan cities affect health? A systematic review of korean studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(16). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162921 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162921
Hoisington, A. J., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., Schuldt, S. J., Beemer, C. J., Maestre, J. P., Kinney, K. A., … Brenner, L. A. (2019). Ten questions concerning the built environment and mental health. Building and Environment, 155(January), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.036 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.036
James, P., Hart, J. E., Banay, R. F., Laden, F., & Signorello, L. B. (2017). Built Environment and Depression in Low-Income African Americans and Whites. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.022 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.022
Li, J., & Liu, Z. (2018). Housing stress and mental health of migrant populations in urban China. Cities, 81(April), 172–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.006
Ma, J., Li, C., Kwan, M. P., & Chai, Y. (2018). A multilevel analysis of perceived noise pollution, geographic contexts and mental health in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071479
Marzukhi, M. A., Ghazali, N. M., Leh, O. L. H., Khalid, N. S., Kamaruddin, S. M., & Azizul, M. F. (2020). The influence of urban planning on mental health. Case study: Federal territory of Kuala Lumpur. Planning Malaysia, 18(4), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i14.825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i14.825
McDonald, R. I., Beatley, T., & Elmqvist, T. (2018). The green soul of the concrete jungle: the urban century, the urban psychological penalty, and the role of nature. Sustainable Earth, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-018-0002-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42055-018-0002-5
Pepin, C., Muckle, G., Moisan, C., Forget-Dubois, N., & Riva, M. (2018). Household overcrowding and psychological distress among Nunavik Inuit adolescents: a longitudinal study. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 77(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2018.1541395 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22423982.2018.1541395
Pun, V. C., Manjourides, J., & Suh, H. H. (2019). Close proximity to roadway and urbanicity associated with mental ill-health in older adults. Science of the Total Environment, 658, 854–860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.221 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.221
Qiu, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., & Li, Z. (2019). Exploring the linkage between the neighborhood environment and mental health in Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173206 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173206
Ritchie, H., & Roser, R. (2018). Mental Health. Retrieved from Our World in Data: https://ourworldindata.org/mental-health.
Shenassa, E. D., Daskalakis, C., Liebhaber, A., Braubach, M., & Brown, M. J. (2007). Dampness and mold in the home and depression: An examination of mold-related illness and perceived control of one’s home as possible depression pathways. American Journal of Public Health, 97(10), 1893–1899. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773
Shobri, N. I. M, Rahman, N. A., & Saman, N. H. M. (2021). Stressed Adult's Prefrences for Outdoor Recreational Activity in Urban Parks. Planning Malaysia, 19(2), 173–185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v19i16.962
Shultz, J. M., Rechkemmer, A., Rai, A., & McManus, K. T. (2019). Public Health and Mental Health Implications of Environmentally Induced Forced Migration. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(2), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.27 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.27
Singh, A., Daniel, L., Baker, E., & Bentley, R. (2019). Housing Disadvantage and Poor Mental Health: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 57(2), 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.03.018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.03.018
Song, Y., Huang, B., Cai, J., & Chen, B. (2018). Dynamic assessments of population exposure to urban greenspace using multi-source big data. Science of the Total Environment, 634, 1315–1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.061
Suglia, S. F., Duarte, C. S., & Sandel, M. T. (2011). Housing quality, housing instability, and maternal mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 88(6), 1105–1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9587-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9587-0
Tao, Y., Yang, J., & Chai, Y. (2020). The anatomy of health-supportive neighborhoods: A multilevel analysis of built environment, perceived disorder, social interaction and mental health in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010013
Wang, R., Xue, D., Liu, Y., Chen, H., & Qiu, Y. (2018). The relationship between urbanisation and depression in China: The mediating role of neighborhood social capital. International Journal for Equity in Health, 17(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0825-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-018-0825-x
World Health Organization. (2010, September 16). People with mental disabilities cannot be forgotten. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2010/mental_disabilities_20100916/en/
World Health Organization. (2020, August 27). World Mental Health Day: an opportunity to kick-start a massive scale-up in investment in mental health. Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news/item/27-08-2020-worldmental-health-day-an-opportunity-to-kick-start-a-massive-scale-up-in-investmentin-mental-health
Xiao, Y., Miao, S., Sarkar, C., Geng, H., & Yi, L. (2018). Exploring the impacts of housing condition on migrants’ mental health in nanxiang, shanghai: A structural equation modelling approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020225
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Nur Masyitah Ghazali, Marlyana Azyyati Marzukhi, Oliver Hoon Leh Ling
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.