THE EVALUATION OF PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES ON HAJJ CROWD BETWEEN ARAFAT AND MUZDALIFAH PEDESTRIAN STREET
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v19i19.1069Keywords:
Pilgrims, Hajj, crowd, pedestrian facilitiesAbstract
Makkah is the holy city of Muslims which is located in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. It is the being visited by pilgrims from all nationalities every year for the annual Islamic Pilgrimage (Hajj). Hajj is the fifth pillar of Islam which is the largest annual religious pilgrimage event in the world. The Hajj management authority specifies that the current pilgrimage’s performance is challenging due to the increase of pilgrims every year. Pedestrian conflicts and uncomfortable walking environment are the crucial issues that have been identified, which are due to insufficient pedestrian facilities. Hence, this paper presents the pedestrian facilities assessment between Arafat to Muzdalifah road. The objectives of the study are to determine the available pedestrian facilities for pilgrimage from Arafat to Muzdalifah, and to suggest the suitable solution for pedestrian facilities in every 5 minutes walks. Meanwhile, qualitative methods of site inventory and observation were applied to gather the related data on the selected study area. Possible pedestrian facilities design is suggested for the purpose of future Hajj improvement.
Downloads
References
Abdelghany, A., Abdelghany, K., Mahmassani, H., & Al-Zahrani, A. (2012). Dynamic simulation assignment model for pedestrian movements in crowded networks. Transportation Research Record, (2316), 95-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2316-11 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/2316-11
Alnabulsi H., Drury J., (2014).Social identification moderates the effect of crowd density on safety at the Hajj. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111 (25), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404953111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404953111
Al Nabulsi, H. (2015). The crowd psychology of the Hajj. (Doctoral dissertation). University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
Alsolami, B. M., Embi, M. R., & Enegbuma, W. I. (2017). The Influence of Sustainable Physical Factors on Hajj Crowd Perception among Internal Pilgrim Group in Mina. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56, 409-414. http:// doi/10.3303/CET1756069
Alabdulkarim, L., Alrajhi, W., & Aloboud, E. (2016). Urban Analytics in Crowd Management in the Context of Hajj. In International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (pp. 249-257). Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39910-2_23 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39910-2_23
Alkharoubi, A. (2020). Wayfinding for Pedestrians in the Crowded Areas of Al-Hajj: How Can Wayfinding System Designs Increase the Efficiency of Wayfinding and Navigation Performances for Pedestrian Pilgrims During the Islamic Pilgrimage (AlHajj).(Doctoral Disertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.
Azmi, D. I., Karim, H. A., & Amin, M. Z. M. (2012). Comparing the walking behaviour between urban and rural residents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 68, 406-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.237 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.237
Babu, R., Subbaiyan & Tadepalli S. (2016). Assessing the Needs of Pedestrian Facilities at Tiruchirappalli, India, International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) 4 (2),87 - 90.
Bohari, Z. A., Bachok, S., & Osman, M. M. (2014). Improving the Quality of Public Transportation System: Application of simulation model for passenger movement. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153, 542-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.087
Felemban, E. A., Rehman, F. U., Biabani, S. A. A., Ahmad, A., Naseer, A., Majid, A. R. M. A., & Zanjir, F. (2020). Digital Revolution for Hajj Crowd Management: A Technology Survey. IEEE Access, 8, 208583-208609. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3037396
Friberg, M. & Hjelm, M. (2015). Mass evacuation-human behaviour and crowd dynamics What do we know?, LUTVDG/TVB, 1-61. Fruin, J., J (1993). The causes and prevention of crowd disasters, Engineering for Crowd Safety. Elsevier, 1(10),99-108.
Garau, C., Annunziata, A., & Yamu, C. (2020). A walkability assessment tool coupling multicriteria analysis and space syntax: The case study of Iglesias, Italy. European Planning Studies, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.176194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1761947
Gifford R., (2007). Environmental psychology: Principles and practice. Optimal books Colville, Washington, US.
Haase, K., Al Abideen, H. Z., Al-Bosta, S., Kasper, M., Koch, M., Müller, S., & Helbing, D. (2016). Improving pilgrim safety during the hajj: an analytical and operational research approach. Interfaces, 46(1), 74-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2015.0833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/inte.2015.0833
Harun, N. Z., Nashar, A., & Bachok, S. (2020). Walkability Factors for a Campus Street. Planning Malaysia, 18(11), 45-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i11.708
Kasim, Z., Shahidan, M. F., Ujang, N., & Dahlan, N. D. (2019). Influence of landscape environmental settings on outdoor pedestrian thermal comfort in tropical climate. Alam Cipta, 12(2), 74-85.
Kaya, D. (2009). Partial differential equations that lead to solitons. In Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science , pp 6453–6459. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30440-3_380
Kim D., Lee C.K., & Sirgy M.,J.(2015). Examining the differential impact of human crowding versus spatial crowding on visitor satisfaction at a festival. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing , 33 (3), 293-312. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1024914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1024914
Kingshott, B. F. (2014). Crowd management: Understanding attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Applied Security Research, 9(3), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2014.913229 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361610.2014.913229
Kinyingi, J., Mugwima, N., & Karanja, D. (2020). Walkable Streets: A Study of Pedestrians’ Perception, and Attitude towards Ngei Street in Machakos Town. Current Urban Studies, 8 (3), 381. https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2020.83021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/cus.2020.83021
Khalid, N. S., Othman, R. N. R., & Marzukhi, M. A. (2020). Public Spaces And Gender: Testing The Relationship Of Spatial Configuration Of Street Networks. Planning Malaysia, 18(14).92-133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v18i14.820
Langley, A., & Klag, M. (2019). Being where? Navigating the involvement paradox in qualitative research accounts. Organizational research methods, 22(2), 515-538. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117741967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117741967
Litman, T. A. (2016). Evaluating Transportation Land Use Impacts: Considering the Impacts, Benefits and Costs of Different Land Use Development Patterns. Transportation Research Board, (1), 1-69.
Meenakshi (2011). Neighbourhood unit and its conceptualization in the contemporary urban context. India Journal,8, 81-87 .
Nashar, A. (2018). Streetscape planning guidelines for walkable campus .Master's thesis, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Owaidah, A., Olaru, D., Bennamoun, M., Sohel, F., & Khan, N. (2019). Review of modelling and simulating crowds at mass gathering events: Hajj as a case study. Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3997 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18564/jasss.3997
Quednau, R. (2018). Why Walkable Streets Are More Economically Productive . Strong Towns Article.Retrived at https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2018/1/16/whywalkable-streets-are-more-economically-productive-3bzg5
Rahman, J., Thu, M., Arshad, N., & Van der Putten, M. (2017). Mass gatherings and public health: case studies from the Hajj to Mecca. Annals of global health, 83(2), 386-393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.12.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.12.001
Rapoport, A. (1990). The Perceptual Characteristics of Pedestrian Streets. In History and Precedent in Environmental Design (pp. 261-296). Springer,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0571-2_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0571-2_8
Sangeeth, K., & Lokre, A. (2019). Factors influencing pedestrian speed in level of service (LOS) of pedestrian facilities. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 3, 100066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2019.100066
Saeed, F., Schleussner, C. F., & Almazroui, M. (2021). From Paris to Makkah: heat stress risks for Muslim pilgrims at 1.5° C and 2° C. Environmental Research Letters, 16(2), 024037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abd067
Saunders, B., Sim, J., Kingstone, T., Baker, S., Waterfield, J., Bartlam, B., Burroughs, H., & Jinks, C. (2018). Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & quantity, 52(4), 1893-1907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0574-8
Yamin, M., & Albugami, M. A. (2014,). An architecture for improving Hajj management. In International Conference on Informatics and Semiotics in Organisations, Springer, 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55355-4_19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55355-4_19
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Sadeq Kadi, Alias Abdullah, Syahriah Bachok
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.