ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT ON RESIDENTS’ QUALITY OF LIFE IN NORTHERN MALAYSIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v21i27.1291Keywords:
Transit-Oriented Development, Quality of Life, 5Ds Principles, northern Malaysia, PLS-SEMAbstract
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is gaining wide acceptance by many state’s governments in Malaysia due to its potential to create a liveable neighbourhood with enhanced mobility. Therefore, this study aims to assess the impact of TOD on the residents’ quality of life in Malaysia northern states. The data for this study were gathered from a survey on 360 residents who used the Northern KTM commuter train service. Descriptive and inferential statistics including chi-square test and PLS-SEM technique was performed to analyse the data and produce the findings. The findings of this study shown that there were significant differences in travel behaviour patterns (companions, frequencies, and walking durations) with respect to respondents’ travel purposes. Moreover, it was revealed that land-use diversity and walkable design as important TOD principles that contribute to their quality of life. The findings of this research would serve as a base but critical information to direct future National Estate Development Plan.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, J., & Mazlan, M. H. (2016). Characteristics of and quality of life in a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) of Bandar Sri Permaisuri, Kuala Lumpur. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 498-505. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.268 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.268
Abutaleb, A., McDougall, K., Basson, M., Hassan, R., & Mahmood, M. N. (2019). Towards a conceptual framework for understanding the attractiveness of rail Transit-Oriented Shopping Mall Developments (TOSMDs). Urban Rail Transit, 5(4), 225-239. doi:10.1007/s40864-019-00112-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-019-00112-4
Abutaleb, A., McDougall, K., Basson, M., Hassan, R., & Mahmood, M. N. (2020). The impact of Transit-Oriented Shopping Mall Developments (TOSMDs) on metro station ridership: Dubai Metro Redline. Urban Rail Transit, 6(3), 157-170. doi:10.1007/s40864-020-00129-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-020-00129-0
Al Saeed, M., & Furlan, R. (2019). Transit-oriented development in West Bay, Business District of Doha, State of Qatar: A strategy for enhancing liveability and sense of place. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 9(3), 394-429. doi:10.1108/JCHMSD-09-2018-0062 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-09-2018-0062
Appleyard, B. S., Frost, A. R., & Allen, C. (2019). Are all transit stations equal and equitable? Calculating sustainability, livability, health, & equity performance of smart growth & transit-oriented-development (TOD). Journal of Transport & Health, 14, 100584. doi:10.1016/j.jth.2019.100584 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100584
Azmi, N. A., Osman, M. M., Rabe, N. S., Ramlan, N. H., Azizan, A., & Amiruddin, S. (2021). A comparative analysis of Transit Oriented Development guidelines between Malaysia and other countries. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 19(1), 186-199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v19i15.935
Bryman, A., & Bell, E. (2015). Business research methods (4th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Calthorpe, P. (1993). The next American metropolis: Ecology, communities, and the American dream. In (pp. 175). New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press.
Cervero, R., & Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199-219. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
Curtis, C., Renne, J. L., & Bertolini, L. (2009). Transit Oriented Development: Making it happen. England, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Dong, H. (2021). Evaluating the impacts of transit-oriented developments (TODs) on household transportation expenditures in California. Journal of Transport Geography, 90, 102946. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102946 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102946
Felce, D., & Perry, J. (1995). Quality of life: Its definition and measurement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 16(1), 51-74. doi:10.1016/0891-4222(94)00028-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-4222(94)00028-8
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Ganning, J., & Miller, M. M. (2020). Transit oriented development and retail: Is variation in success explained by a gap between theory and practice? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 85, 102357. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2020.102357 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102357
Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M.-C. (2000). Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4, 7. doi:10.17705/1CAIS.00407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.00407
Gomez, C. P., Omar, M., & Nallusamy, R. (2019). A study on the benefits of Transit Oriented Development in Malaysia and incoporation of those benefits in planning. Paper presented at the MATEC Web of Conferences. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926606016
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.
Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139-152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. doi:10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Holloway, M. (2016). How can Malaysian developers design their developments to ride on oncoming rail and tod factors in KL? In G. Architects (Ed.).
Huang, Y., Parker, D., & Minaker, L. (2021). Identifying latent demand for transit-oriented development neighbourhoods: Evidence from a mid-sized urban area in Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, 90, 102940. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102940 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102940
Jaafar Sidek, M. F., Bakri, F. A., Kadar Hamsa, A. A., Aziemah Nik Othman, N. N., Noor, N. M., & Ibrahim, M. (2020). Socio-economic and travel characteristics of transit users at Transit-oriented Development (TOD) stations. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 1931-1955. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.225 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.225
Jones, C. E. (2020). Transit-Oriented Development and suburban gentrification: A “natural reality” of refugee displacement in Metro Vancouver. Housing Policy Debate, 1-20. doi:10.1080/10511482.2020.1839935 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2020.1839935
Khare, R., Villuri, V. G. K., Chaurasia, D., & Kumari, S. (2021). Measurement of transit-oriented development (TOD) using GIS technique: A case study. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 14(10), 832. doi:10.1007/s12517-021-07142-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-021-07142-y
Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Krause, M. S. (2019). Randomness is problematic for social science research purposes. Quality & Quantity, 53(3), 1495-1504. doi:10.1007/s11135-018-0824-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0824-4
Mandhani, J., Nayak, J. K., & Parida, M. (2020). Interrelationships among service quality factors of Metro Rail Transit System: An integrated Bayesian networks and PLS-SEM approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 140, 320-336. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2020.08.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2020.08.014
Memon, M. A., Ting, H., Cheah, J. H., Ramayah, T., Chuah, F., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Sample size for survey research: Review and recommendations. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modelling, 4(2), 1-20. doi:10.47263/JASEM.4(2)01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.4(2)01
Memon, M. A., Ting, H., Chuah, F., & Cheah, J. H. (2017). A review of the methodological misconceptions and guidelines related to the application of structural equation modeling: A Malaysian scenario. Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling, 1(1), i-xiii. doi:10.47263/JASEM.1(1)01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47263/JASEM.1(1)01
Meng, L., Li, R. Y. M., Taylor, M. A. P., & Scrafton, D. (2021). Residents’ choices and preferences regarding transit-oriented housing. Australian Planner, 1-15. doi:10.1080/07293682.2021.1936094 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07293682.2021.1936094
Mu, R., & de Jong, M. (2012). Establishing the conditions for effective transit-oriented development in China: The case of Dalian. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 234-249. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.02.010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.02.010
Niles, J., & Nelson, D. (1999). Measuring the success of Transit-Oriented Development: Retail market dynamics and other key determinants. Paper presented at the APA National Planning Conference, Seattle, WA.
Niu, S., Hu, A., Shen, Z., Lau, S. S. Y., & Gan, X. (2019). Study on land use characteristics of rail transit TOD sites in new towns—taking Singapore as an example. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 18(1), 16-27. doi:10.1080/13467581.2019.1586712 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2019.1586712
Nyunt, K. T. K., & Wongchavalidkul, N. (2020). Evaluation of relationships between ridership demand and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) indicators focused on land use density, diversity, and accessibility: A case study of existing metro stations in Bangkok. Urban Rail Transit, 6(1), 56-70. doi:10.1007/s40864-019-00122-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40864-019-00122-2
Ogra, A., & Ndebele, R. (2014). The role of 6Ds: Density, diversity, design, destination, distance, and demand management in transit oriented development (TOD). Paper presented at the Neo-International Conference on Habitable Environments (NICHE 2014), Jalandhar, Punjab, India.
PLANMalaysia, J. P. B. D. (2018). GP028: Garis panduan perancangan pembangunan berorientasikan transit (TOD). Kuala Lumpur, MY: Kementerian Wilayah Persekutuan
PLANMalaysia, J. P. B. D. (2021). Rancangan Fizikal Negara Keempat (RFN4). Putrajaya, MY: Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT) Retrieved from https://www.planmalaysia.gov.my/index.php/en/lihat-rancangan-fizikal-negara
Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Generalization in quantitative and qualitative research: Myths and strategies. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(11), 1451-1458. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.06.004
Pongprasert, P., & Kubota, H. (2019). TOD residents’ attitudes toward walking to transit station: A case study of transit-oriented developments (TODs) in Bangkok, Thailand. Journal of Modern Transportation, 27(1), 39-51. doi:10.1007/s40534-018-0170-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-018-0170-1
Ramlan, N. H., Osman, M. M., Rabe, N. S., Azizan, A., Azmi, N. A., & Amiruddin, S. (2021). Assessing the current implementation of Transit Oriented Development concept in Malaysia: Case study of MRT Putrajaya Line. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 19(1), 174-185. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v19i15.934
Renne, J. L. (2007). Measuring the performance of Transit-oriented Development in Western Australia. Retrieved from New Orleans: https://scholarworks.uno.edu/unoti_pubs/17
Renne, J. L. (2008). Evaluating transit-oriented development using a sustainability framework: Lessons from Perth's network city. Paper presented at the 87th Annual Meeting Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Retrieved from http://www.smartpls.com
Salvador-Carulla, L., Lucas, R., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M. (2014). Use of the terms "Wellbeing" and "Quality of Life" in health sciences: A conceptual framework. The European Journal of Psychiatry, 28, 50-65. Retrieved from http://scielo.isciii.es/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0213-61632014000100005&nrm=iso DOI: https://doi.org/10.4321/S0213-61632014000100005
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2016). Research methods for business students (7th ed.). Harlow, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Ltd.
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research methods for business: A skill building approach (7th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Sinaga, M., Suharyono, S., Musadieq, M. A., & Iqbal, M. (2020). The effect of maintenance operation, time utility and occupancy to sustainability with transit oriented development moderation. Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/JQME-06-2020-0058 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JQME-06-2020-0058
Šiška, L. (2018). The First and the Second Generation of Statistical Methods in Management Accounting Research. Paper presented at the 18th Annual Conference on Finance and Accounting (ACFA), Cham, Switzerland. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68762-9_48
Staricco, L., & Vitale Brovarone, E. (2020). Implementing TOD around suburban and rural stations: An exploration of spatial potentialities and constraints. Urban Research & Practice, 13(3), 276-299. doi:10.1080/17535069.2018.1541475 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2018.1541475
Tamakloe, R., Hong, J., & Tak, J. (2021). Determinants of transit-oriented development efficiency focusing on an integrated subway, bus and shared-bicycle system: Application of Simar-Wilson's two-stage approach. Cities, 108, 102988. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102988 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102988
van Lierop, D., Maat, K., & El-Geneidy, A. (2017). Talking TOD: Learning about transit-oriented development in the United States, Canada, and the Netherlands. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10(1), 49-62. doi:10.1080/17549175.2016.1192558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2016.1192558
Woo, S. Z. (2020). Exploring a transit-oriented development (TOD) framework for Penang’s urban growth. Monographs, July 2020(7), 1-20.
Yap, J. B. H., Chua, C. Y., & Skitmore, M. (2021). Towards sustainable mobility with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD): Understanding Greater Kuala Lumpur. Planning Practice & Research, 36(3), 314-336. doi:10.1080/02697459.2021.1883249 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2021.1883249
Yap, J. B. H., & Goh, S. V. (2017). Determining the potential and requirements of transit-oriented development (TOD): The case of Malaysia. Property Management, 35(4), 394-413. doi:10.1108/PM-06-2016-0030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-06-2016-0030
Zhang, C., Liu, Y., Lu, W., & Xiao, G. (2019). Evaluating passenger satisfaction index based on PLS-SEM model: Evidence from Chinese public transport service. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 120, 149-164. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2018.12.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.12.013
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported License.
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.
