SEISMIC MICROZONATION FOR BANDA ACEH CITY PLANNING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v11i2.120Keywords:
Earthquake, Seismic, Hazard, Mitigation, Microzonation, GIS.Abstract
Of all natural disasters of the twentieth century, earthquakes caused the largest amount of losses. Although the number of earthquakes remains fairly unchanged, the loss of properties and human lives in recent periods has increased manifolds due to increasing concentration of human population and urbanisation in earthquake-prone areas. Recent improvement in documentations and computational facilities, however, allows for the preparation of seismic microzonation maps of such areas for urban planning and earthquake mitigation purposes. This paper discusses the development of seismic microzonation maps for Banda Aceh which lies close to the Sumatra Subduction Zone and the Sumatran Transform Faults, making the city extremely vulnerable to earthquake hazards. The development of the maps employs Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques that make use of several layers of parameters influencing earthquake hazards such as seismological data, faults, tsunami, etc. and site characteristic data such as soil type, groundwater distribution and depth, geological and geophysical data. The seismic microzonation maps incorporate various seismic hazard maps including ground shaking hazard map, liquefaction susceptibility hazard map, landslide potential hazard map, surface faulting hazard map and tsunami hazard map. The final composite map identifies zones with various degrees of hazards which will enable planners to avert hazardous locations during site selection processes, thus reducing losses.Downloads
References
AFPS French Association for Earthquake Engineering. ( 1995). Guidelines for seismic Microzonation Studies. Paris
Ansal, A., Tonuk, G. and Kurtulus, A. (2009). Microzonation for Urban Planning. In Tankut, A.T. (Ed.) Earthquakes and T.1•11na111is. 133- 152. London: Springer.
Alexander, D.E., ( 1995). A Survey of the Field of Natural Hazards and Disaster Studies. In: Carrara, A., Guzzetti, F. (Eds.), Geographical Information Sys1e111s in Assessing Na/ural 1-/azards, Kluwer Academic Pub I is hers, Dordrecht. 1- 19.
Anbazhagan, P. and Sitharam, T. G. (2008). Seismic Microzonation of Bangalore, India. Journal of Ear/It Sys1e111 and Science, 2008 ( I 17), 833- 852.
Boen, T. (2005). S11111a1ra Ear1hq11ake 26 Dec 2004. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI ).
Borrero, J. C. (2005). Field Survey northern Sumatra and Banda Aceh, Indonesia and after the Tsunami and Ear1hq11ake of 26 December 2004. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).
Chen, W. F. and Scawthorn, C. (2003). Ear1!tq11ake Engineering Handbook. Boca Ralon, FL: CRC Press.
Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., Davis, I., Wisner, B. (1994) At Risk, Natural Hazard1-, People's Vulnerability, and Disasters, London, Routledge.
Coburn, A. and Spence, R. (2002). Earthquake Protection. (2nd ed.). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Culshaw, M. G., Duncan, S. V. and Sutarto, N. R. ( 1979). Engineering Geological Mapping of The Banda Aceh Al uvial Bas in, Northern Sumatera, Indonesia. B11/le1in of the ln1ernational Association of Engineering Geology, 19, 40-47.
Dolce, M. (2009). Miti gation of Seismic Risk in Italy Following the 2002 S .Giuliano Earthquake. In Tankut, A.T. (Ed.) Earthquake.1• and Tsunamis . London: Springer. 66-89.
DRM/GDDA World Institute for Disaster Risk Management, Inc. and General Directorate of Disaster Affairs. (2004). Seismic Microzonation Manual For Munic ipalities. httfi://www.drmonline.net/drmlibrary/pd fs/ M ERM_ Manual_2004_ 03 E.pd f accessed 2011 February 2012
Grasso, S., Maugeri, M. (2009). The Seismic Microzonation of the City of Catania (Italy) for the Maximum Expected Scenario Earthquake of January 11 , 1693. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29, 953-962.
IDNDR ( International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction). ( 1990) Cities at risk: Making Cities Safer ... Before Disaster Strikes, Geneva, I DNDR.
Hough, S.E. and Bilham, R. (2005). After the Earth Quakes: Elastic Rebound on an Urban Planner. Oxford University Press, USA.
Kienzle, A., Hannich, D., Wirth, W., Ehret, D., Rohn, J., Ciugudean, V., Czurda, K. (2006). A GIS-based Study of Earthquake Hazard as a Tool for the Microzonation of Bucharest. Engineering Geology, 87 ( 1-2), 13-32.
Kolat, C., Doyuran, Y., Ayday, C. and Siizen, M. L. (2006). Preparation of a Geotechnical Microzonation Model Using Geographical Information Systems Based on Multicriteria Decision Analysis. Engineering Geology, 2006 (87), 241-255.
Lavigne F., Paris R., Grancher D., Wassmer P., Brunstein D., Vautier F., Leone F., Flohic F., De Coster B., Gunawan T., Gomez C., Setiawan A., Cahyadi R., Fachrizal, (2009). Reconstruction of Tsunami Inland Propagation on December 26, 2004 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, through Field Investigations. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 166, 259-281.
Malczewski, J. (1999). GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis. New York: John Willey and Sons Inc.
Meilianda E., Dahmen-Janssen C.M., Maathuis B.H.P., Hulsche S.J.M.1-1., and Mulde J.P.M. (20 I 0). Short-term morphological responses and developments of Banda Aceh coast, Sumatra Island, Indonesia after the tsunami on 26 December 2004. Marine Geology, 275, ( 1-4), 96-109.
Mitchell, J. (ed.) (1999) Crucibles of Hazards: Mega-cities and Disasters in Transition , Tokyo, United Nations University Press.
Mohanty, W. K., Walling, M. Y., Nath, S. K. and Pal, I. (2007). First Order Seismic Microzonation of Delhi, India Using Geographic Information System (GIS). Natural Ha-::.ards, 40, 245-260.
Papadimitriou, A.G., Antoniou, A.A., Bouckovalas, G.D., Marinos, P.G., (2008). Methodology for automated GIS-aided seismic microzonation studies. Computers and Geotechnics, 35 (4), 505-523.
Pelling, M. (2003) The Vulnerability of Cities, London, Earthscan. Nath, S. K., Singh, K. K. and Raj, A. (2008). Earthquake Hazard in Northeast India - A Seismic Microzonation Approach with Typical Case Studies from Sikkim Himalaya and Guwahati City. Journal of Earth System and Science, 117, 809-831.
Nath, S. K. (2005). An Initial Model of Seismic Microzonation of Sikkim Himalaya through Thematic Mapping and GIS Integration of Geological and Strong Motion Features. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2005 (25), 329-343.
Nath, S. K. (2004). Seismic Hazard Mapping and Microzonation in the Sikkim Himalaya through GIS Integration of Site Effects and Strong Ground Motion Attributes. Natural Hazards, 31, 319-342.
Panza, G.F., Romanelli, F. & Vaccari, F., (2001). Seismic Wave Propagation in Laterally Heterogeneous and Elastic Media: Theory and Application to seismic zonation. Advances in Geophysics, 43, 1-95 .
Organization of American States, DRDE. ( 1991). Primer on Natural Hazard Management in Integrated Regional Developmentt Planning. WashingtonD.C.: OAS/DRDE.
Petersen M.D., Dewey J., Hartzell S., Mueller C., Stephan Harmsen S., Frankel A.D., Rukstales K. (2004). Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis for Sumatra, Indonesia and Across the Southern Malaysian Peninsula. Tectonophysics, 390, 141-158.
Roca, A., Goula, X., Susagna, T., Chavez, J., Gonzalez, M. and Reinoso, E. (2006). A simplified Method for Vulnerability Assessment of Dwelling Buildings and Estimation of Damage Scenarios in Spain. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4:2, 141 - 158.
Saaty, T. L. (2008). Decision Making with The Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal Services Sciences, I (I).
Sengara, I. W., Latief, H. and Kusuma, S. B. (2008). Probabilistic Seismic and Tsunami Hazard Analysis for Design Criteria and Disaster Mitigation in Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of a Coastal Area City of Banda Aceh. In : Liu, Deng and Chu (Eds.). Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigalion and Rehabili!ation. Beijing: Science Press and Springer - Verlag Gmbl-1, 224-230.
Sieh, K., and Natawidjaja, D. (2000). Neotectonics of the Sumatran Fault, Indonesia. Journal of Geophysical Research , I 05, 295-326.
Sun, C. G. et.al. (2008). Development and Application of a G IS-based Tool for Earthquake induced Hazard Prediction. Computers and Geotechnics, 2008 (35), 436 - 449.
Sun, J., and Pan, T. C. ( 1995). The Probability of Very Large Earthquakes in Sumatra. Bulletin of the Seismological Sociely of America, 85( 4), 1226- 123 I.
Sanderson, D. (2000) "Citi es, Disasters and Livelihoods", Enviromnenl and Urbanizalion, 12(2), 93-102.
Takahasi, M. et. al. (2007). Restoration after the Sumatra Earthquake Tsun ami in Banda Aceh : Based on the Results of Interdisciplinary Researches by NagoyaUniversity. Journal of Na!ural Disaster Science, 29 (2), 53-61.
TC4-!SSMGE. ( 1999). Manual for Zonation on Seismic Geolechnical Hazard. Revised Edition. Technical Committee for Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (TC4) of the International Society of Soil Mecha nics and Geotechnical Engineer ing (ISSMGE) 209.
Turk, T., Gumusay, U., and Tatar, 0. (20 I I). Creating infrastructure for seismic microzonation by Geographical In formation System (G IS): A case study in the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ). Computers & Geosciences. Doi : I 0. 101 6/j.cageo.20 I I. I 0.006
Umitsu, M., Tanavud, C .. and Patanakanog, B. (2007). Effects or landforms on Tsunami Flow in the Plains of Banda Aceh, Indonesia, and NamKhem, Thailand. Journal of Marine Geology, Geoche111is1ry and Geophysics, 03595, 1-13.
UNDP-BCPR. (2004), Reducing Disas/er Risk: A Challenge for Development, New York, John S. Swift Co. (www.undp.org/bcpr/disred/ rdr.htm, retrieved 20.07.2004).
UN-I SDR. (2002), Living with Risk: A Glob(t/ Review of Disaster Reduction Initiatives, Geneva, United Nations Inter-Agency Secretariat.
Velasquez, G., Uitto J., Wisner B., Takahashi S. ( 1999). A New Approach to Disaster Mitigation and Planning in Mega-cities". In: lnoguchi, T. (ed.) Cities and the Environment. Tokyo, The United Nations University Press. 161 - 184.
Walling, M. Y. and Mohanty, W. K. (2009). An Overview on The Seismic Zonation and Microzonation Studies in India. Ear/Ii-Science Reviews, 96, 67 - 9 1.
Wamsler C. (20 04). Managing Urban Risk: Perceptions o f Housing and Planning as a Tool for Reducing Disaster Ris k. Global Built Environment Review, 4(2), 11-28.
Westen, C. J. (2002). Remote Sensing and Geographic In formation Systems for Natural Disaster Management. In Skidmore, A. (Ed). Environmental Modelling wi1h GIS and Remote Sensing . London: Taylor & Francis, 200-226.
World Institute for Disaster Ri sk Manageme nt, Inc. and General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (ORM/GODA). (2004). Seismic Microzonation for Municipalities, Manual. Istanbul, Turkey: ORM/GODA Ministry or Public Works and Settlement.
Yilmaz, I., (2009). Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Us ing Frequency Ratio, Logistic Regression, Arti fic ial Neural Networks and Their Compar ison: a Case Study from Kat Landslides (Tokat-Turkey). Computers & Geosciences, 35, 1125- 1138.
Zachriasen, J., Sieh, K., Taylor, F. W., Edwards, R. L., and Hantoro, W. S. ( 1999). Subme rgence and Uplift Associated with the Giant 1833 Sumatran Subduction Earthquake: Ev idence from Coral Micro-atolls. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth, I 04(8 I), 895- 9 19.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright & Creative Commons Licence
eISSN: 0128-0945 © Year. The Authors. Published for Malaysia Institute of Planners. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
The authors hold the copyright without restrictions and also retain publishing rights without restrictions.